H.H. Holmes. After The Industrial Revolution Fabricated

H.H. Holmes After the Industrial Revolution fabricated society for nineteenth century America, many families were moving to the cities for new opportunities. Immigrants found a niche in society and life was beginning to flourish and build the nation into what it’s citizens know it as today. However, while most of the country was settling down, a man by the name of Herman Webster Mudgett, otherwise known as HH Holmes, had a different approximation of why he should move to the city. HH Holmes was perhaps the most intelligent and deadly serial killer due to countless acts of successful insurance scams and murders. Gilmanton, New Hampshire welcomed a new citizen on May 16, 1861 by Levi Mudgett and Theodate Price who named their son Herman†¦show more content†¦Corpses were stolen from the University of Michigan, made unrecognizable, and insurance claims were placed. These actions resulted in a steady income for Mudgett, as well as an expulsion in one case. Upon graduation Mudgett opted to start a new life for himself in 1886 in the Windy City, which displayed new opportunities for the young scholar. Mudgett began working in a small pharmacy, Dr. E.S. Holton’s Drugstore, in Englewood, Illinois, under the name Dr. Henry Howard Holmes (H.H. Holmes Biography†). After working at the small store located at the corner of 63rd and Wallace streets for some time, the owner, Mr. Horton, began to become close with Holmes. Unfortunately, Mr. Horton was diagnosed with cancer. Horton had only his wife to care for the pharmacy while he was sick and knew that she would not be able to run it when he had passed, so Horton made the decision to sell the pharmacy to Holmes whom he dearly trusted. Shortly after the purchase of the pharmacy, Holmes met Myrta Belknap whom he married in January of 1887, causing her to become his second wife in which he fathered a child, Lucy Holmes, with. Holmes allowed the elderly couple to continue living in the apartment above the drugstore while Holmes rented a house nearby. However, shortly after Mr. Horton’s passing, Mrs. Horton went missi ng. Customers began questioning her whereabouts towards Holmes who replied only with the story that she had

400 Blows- French film Free Essays

The French film, The 400 Blows, directed by Francois Truffaut, is about a troubled young boy named Antoine Doinel, who attempts to find meaning in his life because he has not been given the acceptance and respect for who he really is, which would enable him to become his real self. Antoine gains a sense of mistrust of his mother when he sees her kissing another man, cheating on Antoine’s stepfather, which compromises their relationship. Antoine’s main motive in the film is to find true value in his life, but he loses his desire to strive for a career as a writer after his teacher humiliates him for plagiarizing Balzac, and he realizes that his mother’s offer to give him 1,000 francs if he gets a good grade on his paper is merely a bribe to keep him from telling his stepfather about her affair. We will write a custom essay sample on 400 Blows- French film or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the film, Antoine is shown as a troubled boy who is not being raised well by his mother. Since Antoine was born to an uncaring mother, he cannot be blamed for the choices he makes. Antoine’s mother doesn’t accept who Antoine is because she never wanted Antoine to exist in the first place, which is why she has no respect for Antoine from the start. When Antoine’s mother is introduced in the film, she treats Antoine as if he was nothing more than an inferior child and a mistake. Antoine’s mother doesn’t play her role as an accepting mother because she doesn’t give Antoine any guidance; therefore she prevents Antoine from becoming the person he wants to be. In the scene where Antoine and Rene skip school, Antoine sees his mother making out with another man; therefore he gets the impression that his mother is not true to the family. It triggers Antoine’s mistrust for his mother. Afterwards, his mother decides to be deceptive toward Antoine by bribing and act kind towards him in order to get him not to talk about her affair. Although his mother is nice to Antoine for the first time in the film, giving Antoine noble advice, Antoine isn’t surprised by the mother’s new behavior because he knows what his mother is trying to do, as we can see by the look of his eyes when she is talking to him. Antoine, feeling that he has to do well on the essay, decides to read a story by Balzac and for the first time he is motivated by what he’s reading about. For Antoine, it was a way for him to discover who he really is by reading one of Balzac’s works. Antoine is inspired by Balzac’s line, â€Å"Eureka, I‘ve found it,† so he decides to place a picture of Balzac in a cabinet and light a candle by the picture, suggesting his admiration for Balzac. In class, Antoine has an assigned essay to write about and he chooses to copy Balzac’s work, which he believed offered him a chance to succeed as a writer and possibly live a better life since he was concentrating on his school work for once like his mother expected him to, after the deal they made. Later, while Antoine was having dinner with his parents, they discovered that the cabinet where Antoine placed the candle under the picture of Balzac was on fire. The cabinet going on fire signified Antoine’s ability to be â€Å"blindsided† because his stepfather questioned why he would light the cabinet on fire. At class the teacher decides to embarrass Antoine for plagiarizing Balzac’s work, which tarnishes all of Antoine’s hard work, even his will to succeed. Furthermore, since Antoine couldn’t get a good grade on his essay like he agreed with his mother, his path to criminal behavior began. From there, Antoine knew that his parents would now want his future to be in the military because his life wasn’t going anywhere. All Antoine wanted was just to see the ocean, he tells Rene. The ocean is symbolic of life. Now that there was no turning back for Antoine, his increasing criminal behavior leads him to the Observation Center, where his path to success fades. Antoine accepting the bribe and the humiliation he received in class prevented him from becoming a better person and shaping his own character. Antoine loses what he wants to achieve because of his mother trying to bribe him and his teacher for degrading Antoine’s character. Although he did plagiarize Balzac’s work, he still made an attempt to focus on his schoolwork even though he didn’t do well on his essay. Antoine’s opportunity to self-actualize fails because of his mistreatment he receives from his mother and his teacher. If only his mother supported Antoine’s work, he would’ve had the confidence to stay strong and succeed. How to cite 400 Blows- French film, Papers

Workflow Analysis & Management for Boeing Company - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWorkflow Analysis Management for Boeing Company. Answer: Introduction Boeing Global Mobility Systems (BGMS) is an existing division within the Integrated Defense Systems sector of the Boeing Company whose components include the Globemaster, Military aircraft, airborne lasers, and the Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles. Therefore the company operates independently but under the communication satellite system provided by the Integrated Defense System. The firm is divided into four core categories namely; the Derivative Airplane Programs, the 767 Tankers, C-17, the Advanced Mobility Systems, and the Derivative Airplane Programs. Vision and Strategy As an individual entity, the firm operates under the mission statement of providing solutions which shape the future of mobility for the government customers and the global military. Further, the company operates under the vision of Becoming the Worlds first choice for innovative mobility solutions thus setting the standard for excellence. In meeting the targets, the firm works with specific core values guiding its operations. The values include Teamwork, customer satisfaction, diverse and involved team, proper leadership, corporate citizenship, and acting towards shareholder value. Need for Process Improvement According to Goldratt and Cox (2016), every organization needs change, especially whenever faced with issues in its profitability and product development. The transformation followed the results experienced in the 1990s where the C-17 section of production became over budget and behind schedule which almost led to a cancellation. Consequently, the op level management had to device means towards altering the approach of management used in a business. Commitment to the change culminated into the implementation of a management framework relying on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria. The criteria focused on specific issues such as strategic planning, customer focus, human resource, information management, and the management and integration of processes (Scott 2016). The need for change came up in 2006 where the firm decided to focus on first growth and productivity programs such as global sourcing, internal services productivity, lean production and exemplary development process. All the initiatives operated under a specific leader as well as the executive sponsor. Process Framework The transformation process needed a total revamp on the culture with a focus on process improvement. The organization shifted and focused towards quality, schedule, and cost. In this case, it ensured the right quality for the products created by enacting control measures and setting a standard that was to adhere in production (Gioia, Patvardhan, Hamilton, and Corley 2013). Besides, it had a planned schedule of operation that enabled the timely production of commodities to meet the timeline set by the clients to avoid contract cancellation. Adhering to customer demands in times of commodity quality and timely production is an essential factor towards business progress (Kuipers, Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, and Van der Voet, 2014.). At the same time, the cost of the commodity was adjusted to competitive levels to match those of competitors while focusing on superior quality and timely production to win the significant market share. In so doing, the team utilized the Baldrige Award Framework which provided the needed change in the organization. The system has become an influential part of the change in the organizations facing competition and production constraints (Scott 2016). The system codifies the principles of quality management thus providing companies with a framework for assessing the production standards towards customer satisfaction. The framework assists organizations achieve excellence and continually improve the same thus forming a culture. The concept focuses on seven criteria in its creation where it touches on areas of strategy, leadership, customers, workforce, operations, measurement, analysis, and knowledge management, and results (Polyvyanyy, Smirnov and Weske 2015). Leadership The leadership criteria focus on selecting a visionary leader who guides others towards adhering to the set standards and change of culture in the long-run. Proper leadership is key to development since a leader determines the production criteria and power of the workers. Thus, one has to be conversant with the same to achieve a total production. Besides, the system focuses on the selection of a superior workforce that is conversant, trainable and performs at optimum levels all times (Senge 2014). Thus, the workforce has to deliver results and value to the clients and the shareholders. Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management On the other hand, the system focuses on measurement, analysis, and knowledge management. The concept is essential in the production industry where the skills and mastery levels of individuals remain observed towards quality production. In this sense, employees found to be less efficient under the system are allowed for opportunities that provide a revamp or upgrade to their education status through workshops, training, and on-job assistance programs. Eventually, the concept leads to success as individuals master their sections thus result in superior production standards. Technology Moreover, the operations have to be lean and efficient where the necessary resources are used adequately. The operation has to adhere to the current technology used in production where the operators have to remain conversant and able to create a difference between the previous output and the present standards. Strategy refers to the development of approaches to which success remains guarantee. In so doing, the criteria suggests enactment of policies that upgrade production. For instance, the introduction of technology in production assists the firm in faster and more efficient yet qualitative production of the aircraft components. At the same time, strategies exist in the selection of the right people for a given process, right scheduling, planning, and attainment of clients demands. Drew and Coulson?Thomas, (2013) suggest that having the right strategies result in progress where it creates a competitive advantage over the rest of the team. In the long run, the competitor scenario is dealt with adequately. Customers The system recognizes the position of customers in business who remain core to business processes. Customers have a large bargaining power as evidenced in the firms loss of contract where the client had a list of firms to select for the production. Therefore, it is fundamental to focus on the customer demands, preferences, and schedules in the production system. Adhering to the customer factor assists individuals and firms to win the trust and loyalty of clients thus leading to a higher production and adoption of a significant market share (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). Customers remain as crucial elements in the system whose demands, wishes and deliberations on a product development have to be followed carefully to achieve success. Results The eventual outcome of a process determines the extent to which a product attains the desires of clients. Results in the process focus on superior production, and one that meets the demands of customers on time. The products have to be customer focused and meeting the issues of clients. Such products delivering the desired standards indicate a positive result in the production process which has to adhere to the plans (Ahlemann, El Arbi, Kaiser and Heck 2013). In a case of a deviation from the plan, the firm considers a change of processes and continuous improvement to develop the best to clients. In return, the deliveries cause a tremendous increase in orders which affect the production process of a firm positively. Therefore, the process framework evaluates and improves a process through having the right approach, deploying the right operations, embracing gradual learning and improvement, and integration of a production to an organizations plan and needs. Leadership System According to Kaptein and Parvinen (2015), proper leadership system uses the right communication medium, organizes and aligns its production, implements their plan accordingly, recognizes the workers and rewards, and holds for their learning activities towards development. The firm practices an effective management leadership style in its change by embracing a lean production through the use of technology. Besides, it uses an effective communication from the top level management down to the workers which allow for a feedback system thus embracing change. On the other hand, the leadership allows for operator recognition and reward which boosts the morale of workers giving room to the desire for improvement through learning (Cameron, Quinn, DeGraff, and Thakor 2014). Enablers and Barriers to Process Change Change is a process that needs commitment and the dedication of the top management as well as the lower level workers. A set of barriers exists that might impede the growth of products or system change in organizations. Barriers to change include limited knowledge and skills, role expectations, organizational factors such as lack of equipment, and belief and attitudes among professionals and clients (Ladegard and Gjerde 2014). Necessary measures have to be taken into consideration o overcome such issues. Lack of a top-down communication leads to poor reception to change coupled with lack of information among individuals. People with limited skills and knowledge are most likely to reject change as they perceive a wrong motive towards their benefits. Instead of seeing success, such people perceive doom on their side such as job loss thus leading to declining or unwillingness to embrace change. On the other hand, an insufficient number of resources to embrace change serves as a barrier leading to the lack of or partial implementation of change elements. Lastly, lack of staff involvement in a change process becomes a forceful act which meets resistance thus creating a barrier to development. Enablers to Change The presence of resources in organizations guarantees development and embracement of change. People are more likely to respond positively to change in cases where there is open communication on the need for change and the goals to be achieved in the process. The presence of an open communication where issues are passed onto one another and discussed in time by the different stakeholders leads o a successful implementation of change. On the other hand, the existence of a clear organization mission and vision leads to change where all means are explored towards guaranteeing change to individuals and the organization (Haslam, van Knippenberg, Platow and Ellemers, 2014). Resources for change such as finance to buy technological equipment have to be present for a change. The presence of resources leads to an enhancement situation where necessary changes in culture and operation become easy to achieve. Moreover, having a cooperative management and leadership standards in organizations guarantees development of change where leaders convince their workers on the need and goals of a change process (Haslam, van Knippenberg, Platow, and Ellemers, 2014). Eventually, it becomes easy to integrate the same towards increased production. Staff involvement in a change process planning is essential towards a positive change process. In this respect, all member involvement leads to a successful implementation of issues surrounding change. Lastly, the presence of a culture of training and facilitation of the services paves the way for a great change process, where the needed knowledge is communicated to the employees with ease. Reference List Ahlemann, F., El Arbi, F., Kaiser, M.G. and Heck, A., 2013. A process framework for theoretically grounded prescriptive research in the project management field.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.43-56. Cameron, K.S., Quinn, R.E., DeGraff, J. and Thakor, A.V., 2014.Competing values leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing. Drew, S. and Coulson?Thomas, C., 2013. Transformation through teamwork: the path to the new organization?.Team Performance Management: An International Journal. Gioia, D.A., Patvardhan, S.D., Hamilton, A.L. and Corley, K.G., 2013. Organizational identity formation and change.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.123-193. Goldratt, E.M. and Cox, J., 2016.The goal: a process of ongoing improvement. Routledge. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Kaptein, M. and Parvinen, P., 2015. Advancing e-commerce personalization: Process framework and case study.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,19(3), pp.7-33. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), pp.1-20. Ladegard, G. and Gjerde, S., 2014. Leadership coaching, leader role-efficacy, and trust in subordinates. A mixed methods study assessing leadership coaching as a leadership development tool.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), pp.631-646. Polyvyanyy, A., Smirnov, S. and Weske, M., 2015. Business process model abstraction. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 147-165). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Scott, L., 2016. Baldrige Excellence Framework. Senge, P.M., 2014.The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Crown Business.

Sweeney Todd free essay sample

â€Å"Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber of Fleet Street† Review By Laura Harding I got the pleasure of spending an evening at the Devonport Choral Society’s production â€Å"Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber of Fleet Street† on the 29th of May 2009 at the Devonport Entertainment and Convention Centre. I went there expecting to see a decent and professionally neat show by the Devonport Choral Society and was pleasantly surprised to experience watching something much more than that. Visually the production was very clever, humorous, and artistic. The lighting was clever and appropriate for each scene. The costumes through-out the entire show were incredibly striking and suited each character and scene perfectly! In particular, Mrs Lovett’s costume and hair were brilliant and really brought the vibrancy of her character out visually. The set was very cleverly made, with the two levels of Mrs Lovett’s pie shop with the trap door at the top where the victims fall down. We will write a custom essay sample on Sweeney Todd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was painted very effectively and looked quite realistic, yet humorous. The stairs used to get to the top level are the same stairs that were used in almost every scene, but not only as a simple staircase as they created the opportunity for the audience to imagine them as something else. For example, when Johanna was singing from her bedroom she was standing on the staircase, yet it was obvious to the audience that she wasn’t actually on a staircase in the story. This imaginative theme continued through-out the production in with many of the props being over exaggerated in a funny way. The limbs were clearly made of foam, yet it suited in with the whole atmosphere of the show. It was made even funnier with Mrs Lovett just carelessly chucking them into the oven. The oven was another stand-out piece of set. It looked incredibly effective with the coloured lights and the smoke coming from it. Effects such as that really helped the whole show step-up another level. The only effect that was not quite fitting was a loud screeching sound effect. It worked in some places, but it was used far too much for it to have the desired effect.

Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays

Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay As stated by Jung and Ian, it has to be taken into history that all of the rules that will be discussed farther in this paper are of import, but non equal due to their constitutional significance. This paper evaluates the budget system in Macedonia and all of its environing statute law utilizing the 10 rules as chief standards. At the terminal of the paper, recommendations are being drawn out that should assist the Ministry of Finance in the hereafter to beef up some of the rules these rules in footings of the budget system of Macedonia. EVALUTION Authoritativeness Legislature s authorization The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the readying and executing of the Budget. At the same clip the Ministry is responsible for opening Treasury history which is managed by the Treasure and for describing on the executing of the budget and the budgetary users. Presented holla are the processs that are explicating the duties of the Ministry of Finance and the rule of authoritativeness as defined above. The Minister of Finance is responsible for fixing the Budget of Republic of Macedonia and for the bringing of the Budget to the Government of Republic of Macedonia. [ 2 ] The Ministry of Finance is fixing the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy for a period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period. [ 3 ] The Strategy is being passed by the Government of Republic of Macedonia latest by the 31 of March. [ 4 ] Based on the proposed Medium Term Fiscal Strategy the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess. [ 5 ] After the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is adopted the Ministry of Transport is presenting instructions in signifier of Budget handbill to the unit users by the 15th of June and to the city managers of the local authorities by the 30th of September. [ 6 ] In footings of the Budget handbill, Draft plans for plans from the budget users are derived to budget users by the 15th of June. These programs are delivered to the Government by the 15th of July in the current twelvemonth and the Government is O.K.ing the same by the 15th of August. [ 7 ] The sanctioned program for plans together with extra paperss is derived to the Ministry of Finance by the 1st of September in the signifier of Budget application. [ 8 ] In the same footings, the Draft plans from the local authorities are delivered to the Council of the local authorities by the 20th of October and the same is O.K.ing the Draft program by the 15th of November of the current twelvemonth. ( Article 21-b ) . An underling rule that needs to be taken into history in footings of the legislative authorization and the executing of the budget defines the duty for fixing budget executings. [ 9 ] In Republic of Macedonia, the executing of the budgets of the different budget users is carried out harmonizing to the amalgamate fiscal programs and study on quarterly bases that the budget users are subjecting to the Treasury. The Treasury is so apportioning the sanctioned resources harmonizing to the one-fourth of the fiscal programs but transfers the fundss to the budget users on monthly footing. [ 10 ] Parliamentary power in footings of O.K.ing and executing Parliamentary power is another underlying rule of authoritativeness. The Ministry of Finance is presenting the Draft budget, incorporating general, specific and developmental portion [ 11 ] , to the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia ( hereinafter Assembly ) latest by the 1st of November. The Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget latest by the 31st of December. In instances when the Budget has non been approved by the 31st of December of the current twelvemonth by Assembly, the Ministry of Finance approves use of resources for the period till the 31st of March for the undermentioned twelvemonth which should non transcend the sum of the resources used in the first one-fourth of the old twelvemonth. The sum spent in this period is included and decided from the concluding budget when the same 1 has been approved. However, if the budget still has nt been approved by the 31st of March in the current twelvemonth, the Assembly makes a determination for go oning the timely funding. [ 12 ] As mentioned in the old point I ) an implicit in rule of authoritativeness is the coverage on executing. In this portion since we look at the executing from the parliamentary side we besides need to look at the rhythm of coverage of the budget in Macedonia. In these footings, the executing of the Budget is regulated by Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth which is passed after the blessing of the budget from the Assembly but non subsequently than the 31 of December of the current twelvemonth. This jurisprudence specifies the executing of budget that should be based on four chief rules viz. purpose-made, rational, economic and efficient executing. [ 13 ] Furthermore, the Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth [ 14 ] . Separate one-year study for the budget and the budget users should be submitted to the Registry for Annual Account of the Central Register of Republic of Macedonia and to the State Audit Office by the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old twelvemonth. [ 15 ] Budget authorization in the fundamental law The Constitution of Republic of Macedonia provides the basic authorization of the Assembly and the Government in footings of the budget. Within these frames, in Article 91 and 68 defines the function of the Government and the Assembly in footings of the budget, viz. suggesting the budget, and following the democracy s budget and the one-year study. In add-on, the rule of amendment is of high of import as good when we discuses authoritativeness in footings of the Constitution. Jung and Ian in their paper Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? argue that in order to fulfill the democracy regulation of the county, amendment powers should be given to the parliament. [ 16 ] Looking at these amendment powers in Macedonia, it should be stated that the Draft budget can be amendment by each member of the parliament of groups of the Assembly. Copy of each amendment should be given to the members of the parliament before the start of each parliamentary argument. [ 17 ] As mentioned before, the Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget for the following twelvemonth by the terminal of the current twelvemonth, every bit good as the Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth. Annual footing Looking at the one-year footing as a 2nd rule in of this model we are traveling to look at specification on the financial twelvemonth, whether revenue enhancement and other gross imposing governments are lasting or merely for the financial twelvemonth, whether some outgo governments are lasting, carryovers and adoptions from the following twelvemonth s budget. The budget of Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of the municipalities refer to period of one twelvemonth that starts at the 1st of January and ends at the 31st of December. In footings of revenue enhancement, harmonizing to the Law on revenue enhancements for the citizens [ 18 ] , all revenue enhancements are determined harmonizing the footing and the rates that are valid from the 1st of January in the twelvemonth for which these duties are being set. This implied, as stated by Jung and Ian that all revenue enhancement is for 12 months merely. [ 19 ] Outgos are every bit good non lasting as defined by the Legal model in Republic of Macedonia. As mentioned above all budget users need to subject programs for outgo to the Treasury in order to utilize their budgets. Furthermore, the Law on public internal alteration recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit in this instance. [ 20 ] Ex-ante regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. The fresh sanctioned resources are non valid with the termination of the budget at the terminal of the financial twelvemonth as it is underlined in the Budgets Law. [ 21 ] As it was mentioned before the budget of Republic of Macedonia is divided into general, specific and developmental portion. In instances when approved resorts for plans and sub-programs from the developmental portion of the budget would non be used in the financial twelvemonth, the same are being transferred in the sum of 50 % to the undermentioned twelvemonth as already approved resorts. [ 22 ] Borrowing from the undermentioned twelvemonth s awaited budget is non applicable for the budget of Macedonia, because the system does non utilize Medium Term Expenditure Framework that would supply allotment of beginnings for several old ages. As it was defined above, the budget of Republic of Macedonia refers merely to one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. Universality This rule represents the 2nd rule which importance should be mentioned in the Constitution, as stated by Jung and Ian. [ 23 ] In these footings the Constitution of Macedonia recognizes the levying governments of the local authorities in Macedonia nevertheless it does non acknowledge the outgo governments for the same. Harmonizing to Article 114 from the Constitution the local authorities is financed by ain beginnings of grosss determined by jurisprudence and by beginnings of the Government. [ 24 ] Article 117 of the Construction states the same rights in footings of the financing the unit by ain beginnings of gross for the City of Skopje, which represents specific unit of the local authorities defined by a specific jurisprudence. [ 25 ] However, the Constitution does non stipulate on the authorization for outgo of the local authorities. Jung and Ian in their paper every bit good indicate out to the demand of amalgamate gross fund where all grosss are received and all outgo are paid from. [ 26 ] For the intents of pull offing with the fiscal resorts of the Budget, the Ministry of Finance opens one individual Treasury history in the National Bank of Macedonia. The Budgets Law of Macedonia specifies that sub-accounts are created for the budget users and the unit user. [ 27 ] Harmonizing to Article 40 and 41, all grosss and outgos are recorded in the Main book of the Treasure. Furthermore, these articles province that the Main book of the Treasury and the Treasury history are being consolidated on regular footing, but it does non supply the period of consolidation. Exception to the catholicity rule in Macedonia can be seen in the extrabudgetary financess such as the Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Fund for National and Regional Roads of the Republic of Macedonia, and the Employment Service Agency of the Republic of Macedonia which as this exclusion underscores should be included in separate Torahs. [ 28 ] Having said this it is of import to province the amalgamate budget of the cardinal Government and the extrabudgetary financess represent amount of the grosss and outgos of the cardinal budget and the budgets of the extrabudgetary financess, non speaking into history the budgets of the units of local self authorities, by ignoring the common transportations and the cardinal budget to the extrabudgetary financess and the transportations between the extrabudgetary financess themselves. However, with the alterations of the Law on accounting for the budgets and budget users from 2005, t he demand for fixing amalgamate budget has been removed. [ 29 ] Integrity The rule of integrity as defined by Jung and Ian that the budget to show all grosss and outgos at the same clip, every bit good as that the micro scheme should associate to the sanctioned outgo and grosss. [ 30 ] In these footings, Article 29 of the Budget Law states that the Draft budget of the Republic of Macedonia contains sketch of the micro indexs, economic policies including the policy for public investings and a sketch of the plans of the Government and the budget users. Specificity Specificity as a rule within this model refers to the inside informations of the budget estimations and to maximum outgos for specific intents of the budget, as presented by Jung and Ian. [ 31 ] . Similarly to the rule of integrity, the specificity can be besides found in the Article 29 of the Budget Law. [ 32 ] Here the jurisprudence refers to the Draft Budget as a papers that besides includes the sketch of the bill of exchange functional categorization, economic categorization and plans of the Government. Other paperss that are contained into the Draft Budget are Draft program for grosss and other grosss and approved outgos for the budget users ; Midterm Fiscal Framework including grosss and expected outgos, inside informations about the capital investings undertaking harmonizing plans, inside informations about the exposed dept at the beginning and the terminal of the twelvemonth every bit good as the new dept and its estimated payment. As mentioned in the first rule, the authoritativeness, the bill of exchange Midterm Fiscal Strategy that the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess which are subsequently approved by the Government and are added to the compete Draft Budget. [ 33 ] Furthermore, Article 34 from the Budget Law states that outgo can be increased or decreased. In instances when the budget users are necessitating increasing or decreasing of the sanctioned resources, they need to subject petition for alterations in the resorts to the Ministry of Finance. The jurisprudence nevertheless does non stipulate if merely certain plans can bespeak decreasing or increasing and the per centum of this alteration. In footings or the accounting system used for the budget, harmonizing to the International Federation of Accountants, Macedonia presently is the procedure of following the hard currency footing International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) , will so travel to follow accumulations footing IPSAS [ 34 ] . This information has non been reference in the Budget Law or related Torahs that have been analyses for the intent of this paper. Balance In term of the balance Article 36 of the Budget Law defines the alterations and the amendments of the budgets [ 35 ] . In these footings, the Ministry of Finance in instance when the expected grosss and other grosss of the basic budget are being realized on a higher degree may transport out extra payments of the base and the involvement rate of the dept [ 36 ] . In instances when the Ministry of Finance evaluates the necessary redistribution is needed and that the execution of the grosss and other grosss significantly recede from program, it proposed to the Government alteration and amendment of the budget [ 37 ] . The Assembly based on the proposal of the Government carries out the alterations and the amendments latest by the 1st of September of the current twelvemonth. [ 38 ] During this process the certain sanctioned resources of the budget that are concerned with these alterations are stopped. Furthermore, harmonizing to Article 36-a from the Budget Law in instances when during the financial twelvemonth important budget discrepancy occur the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance can halt the executing of some sanctioned resources for a period no longer than 45 yearss and the Assembly is informed. If in a period of 30 yearss conditions for regular executing of the budget are non created, the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance is presenting Draft for alterations and amendments to budget to the Assembly. Accountability The rule of answerability when looking the budget system, foremost and foremost is defines on the Article 46 of the Budgets Law. This Article refers to the answerability for purpose-made use of the sanctioned resources. [ 39 ] The article states that the budget user and the unit users are required to the resources intentionally and are non allowed to transport out duties that exceed the sanctioned resorts of the budget [ 40 ] . Furthermore, when we discus accountability we need to look at who is responsible for the executing of the budget. As mentioned earlier in the paper, the budget users and the budget units are execution the budget which confirmed the underlying thought of the Article 46 of the Budgets Law mentioned in the old paragraph. In the frames of the executing, it is from importance to mentioned every bit good that the Ministry of Transport is subjecting mid-year study and concluding study to the Government for the executing of the budget [ 41 ] . It is of import to emphasize that particular portion in the executing and the audit over the executing, have the Ministry of Finance, the Treasury, the State Audit Office and the Internal Audit. In these footings the Law on Public Internal Revision recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit [ 42 ] . The ex-ante as it was specified earlier in the paper regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. In footings of answerability the Budget Law besides specified deadlines that need to be met in the procedure of readying and the executing of the budget. Deadlines for describing on the same are besides given within the frames of the same jurisprudence. Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth. The budgets and budgets users harmonizing to the Law for accounting on the budgets [ 43 ] are responsible for subjecting their one-year studies to the Central Register and to the State Audit Office until the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old. Transparency The rule of transparence is underlined in the Articles 53 and 54 of the Budgets Law of Macedonia. These articles define that the studies related to the executing of the Budget should be publish on the web site of the Ministry of Finance on monthly footing. In add-on, the Minister of Finance is subjecting the mid-year study on executing to the Government latest by the 31st of July during the current twelvemonth. [ 44 ] Article 54 provinces that the Budget and the Annual study on the budget are being published in the Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia [ 45 ] . Extra regulations that define the rule of transparence are besides defined with the Law on free entree to information of public character. With this jurisprudence the citizens are accomplishing their constitutional right to free entree of information, the freedom to have information and portion information every bit good as the promotion in the work of the information keepers. [ 46 ] Stability The rule of stableness as defined by Jung and Ian refers largely to Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and its planning. Harmonizing to Article 16, the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is planned for period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period [ 47 ] , where as Article 5 of the Budgets Law clearly defines that the budget refers to merely one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. [ 48 ] Performance ( efficiency, economic system and effectivity ) The Budgets Law on Macedonia recognizes efficiency, economic system and effectivity as budget ends and chief rules. These rules refer to the process of readying, blessing and execution of the budget every bit good as to the coverage of the executing. In general, as provided by Article 3 from the Budgets Law, economic system implies that all sanctioned resources are used in timely mode, in appropriate sum, taking into history the monetary value and the quality [ 49 ] . Furthermore, the same article defines efficiency as the best ratio between the used resources and the achieved consequences, whereas the effectivity implies accomplishing the consequences and the coveted consequences. [ 50 ] Recommendation Duty for amalgamate balance of the Budget With the Law on alteration and amendment of the accounting of the budgets and budget users in 2005 the demand for outlining amalgamate balance of the budget has been abolished. Originating alteration in the statute law for returning this duty for outlining amalgamate one-year study would emphasize the importance of covering all of the entire grosss and outgos of the Republic, every bit good as the histories receivable and histories collectible. Strengthening the rules on specificity in footings of multi twelvemonth and appropriations of limitless continuance As defined by Jung and Ian some outgos require long term planning. [ 51 ] In these footings, the statute law environing the budgets system in Macedonia should clearly specify the conditions and footings of undertaking which are on multi-year footing which will let these undertakings to be approved every bit good on multi-year footing. Exceptions to gross recording The statute law behind the budget system of Macedonia does non indicate out to projections that are shown on a net footing. This as pointed by Ian and Jung can supply authorities bureaus to maximise gross [ 52 ] and might supply strong inducements to project grosss realistically and guarantee aggregation as projected [ 53 ] . Furthermore, this will besides beef up the transparence and insure stronger responsibly of the disposal in Macedonia. Development of capital budgeting The development of the capital budgeting would indicate to specific attempts and entire coordination of all budget establishments. Overall planning of the capital undertaking represent important of import for timely and successful realisation of these undertakings. Showing the undertakings as separate capital routines together with the kineticss of realisation of the undertakings by old ages and months will supply justification for the undertakings, and as reference will add to timely execution to the activities of these undertakings. The purpose of the Ministry of Finance will be to guarantee that activities environing activities of the capital undertaking would non be postponed and at the same clip will guarantee timely payment of these activities. Bettering the transparence Even thought Macedonia can see betterments in the transparence thought the publication of the appropriate paperss underlined in the statute law in Macedonia on the official web site of the Ministry of Finance, it is of import these publication to be in line with the deadlines given in the Budget jurisprudence. [ 54 ] The Government might see publication every bit good the Sublimate of the budget every bit good the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and macroeconomic policy. Improvement of the strategic planning Even though there is a clear budget calendar in the Budget Law of Macedonia, this frame frequently is non obliged the budget users. In these footings, the strategic planning demands to be adjusted to the budget procedure in entire. Possible alterations might be made in the accommodations with the strategic planning in a manner that the budget users will present sector precedences which so can be applied to the strategic precedences and will convey easiness to the planning procedure. Limits of the budgetary user s budgets Even thought the Ministry of Finance started puting up bounds and controls these bounds for the budget users, the budget users themselves concentrate on maximising the absolute volumes of the fiscal resources because the deficiency of steps of public presentation. In these footings, the Ministry of Finance might see altering the budget as a whole from line up to public presentation, which might stand for an extra load to the disposal and make extra jobs in the budget system in Macedonia, or might see presenting steps for public presentation that would non alter the budget as a whole but would convey elements of public presentation measuring in order to guarantee more realistic budgets. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 14 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 16 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 18 Ibid. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 19 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 21-a Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 22 Furthermore, the Budget application contents the undermentioned paperss: Filled Circular, Strategic program for budget users, Plan for public procurance, Approved program for plans accompanied by elaborate justifications, Plan on systematic and filled employments of the budget user and other paperss harmonizing the demands and waies given in the Budget curricular. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 30 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 32 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 28. Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 29 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Zidas Daskalovski et al. , Guide to budgets ( Skopje: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2006 ) . Law on revenue enhancements of the citizens ( Zakon za danocite na graganite ) . 1992. Official Gazette 79/92, article 4 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Law on public internal fiscal control ( Zakon za javna vnatresna finansiska kontrola ) . 2009. Official Gazette 90/09. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 7. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 10. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Fundamental law of Republic of Macedonia. Fundamental law of the Republic of Macedonia Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 39 The exclusion of the catholicity principles says that extrabudgetary financess need to be included in the budget system jurisprudence or in separate Torahs. In these footings the four different financess in Macedonia, Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Fund for National and Regional Roads of the R

Black People and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Black People and Prejudice Essay â€Å"Ahhhhhhhh!† I squealed and jumped for joy the moment I dropped the phone. I hurrily scurried over to my mom to share the news. â€Å"Mommy, I got my first job!† This was the stepping stone to me being an independent young woman. I was officially employed at Hollister Co. as a sales model. I was ecstatic and excited to make some money at the tender age of 15. My first week was definitely a learning experience; from learning how to maintain a cash registrar to folding tons of polos and jeans. Soon through this journey, it started to become bittersweet. With three months of being employed, my shifts were diminishing from 4 shifts a week to 1 shift a week. As I looked at the schedule postings for the week, I noticed a trend with the scheduling of the shifts. Ironically, most of the employees that were working more hours and more shifts were white females. I figured it might have something to do with the fact that my supervisor is a white surfer-boy who is infatuated with beach-blonde beauties. However that did not stop me from asking him to put me on the schedule more. Sadly, I resent the day I had asked him. Unfortunately, he felt that I didn’t have the â€Å"natural beachy look† that Hollister Co. was trying to perceive. I am of Malaysian decent and have tan skin color. Hearing that definitely bruised my ego and made me self-conscious about my appearance. I felt this was a tactic for me to quit, and so I did. Over the months I begin to realize that ultimately there will be people in the world that have a perspective of life that I cannot seem to change. I had realized that this was not my fault; it was his own personal judgment that led him to think that. I was treated this way because of how I looked not on who I am. Many people have tried to explain the reasoning of why people are prejudiced and discriminate against one another. Two readings that are eye-openers about prejudice are â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and â€Å"C.P. Ellis.† In the essay, â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† the author Vincent N. Parrillo explains the reasons for racism and discrimination in the United States. Which brings us to Studs Terkel’s essay â€Å"C.P. Ellis,† he tells us the story of C.P. Ellis, a former Klansmen who claims he is no longer racist. With Parrillo’s essay, we will analyze what caused C.P. Ellis to be prejudice and how he changed. Parrillo’s Causes of Prejudice outlines reasons how and why prejudice exists in today’s society. Parrillo first starts out telling us that prejudice is the rejection of a member of a certain culture, and that ethnocentrism is a rejection of all culture as a whole. He then states that there are four areas of study to consider when dealing with prejudice; levels of prejudice, self-justification, personality, and frustration. This theory is ideal to the root of why and where prejudice starts. He explains that the first level of prejudice is the cognitive level of prejudice. This is a person’s beliefs of a culture. The second level is the emotional level of prejudice. This level includes what kind of emotional response a culture has on a person. These emotions for example can be that of hate, love, fear, etc†¦ The final level, explains Parrillo, is the action oriented level. This is the desire to physically act upon their prejudice feelings toward the person or culture. As stated in the text, â€Å"The emotional level of prejudice encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual. Although these feelings may be based on stereotypes from the cognitive level they represent more intense stages of personal involvement† (Parrillo 386). His statement holds true. In the sense of economic competition prejudice occurs frequently. We need to realize that jealousy is an important factor of prejudice. There would still be competitions, hatred, and stereotyping. It is just in our human nature. The story of C.P Ellis begins as he discusses his life as being a white male from a low-income class. His frustrations and misfortunes lead him to become a member of the Ku Klux Klan. His father always told Ellis to stay away from blacks, Jews, and Catholics’ and he obeyed his father’s wishes. In a sense, it seemed as if Ellis truly admired his father. At 17 years old, his father soon passed away and Ellis was forced to work to tend to his family. Ellis discusses his frustrations on having to make ends meet with four children, the eldest being mentally challenged and the struggles he has to endure to make it happen. Ellis begins to blame the black people for his tragedy and his misfortune of not being able to have sufficient funds. In relevance to Parrillo’s essay, he explains that â€Å"frustrations tend to increase aggression toward others† (Parrillo 393). This ties into the anger that Ellis began to direct it towards as he stated, â€Å"I didn’t know who to blame. I tried to find somebody. I began to blame it on black people. I had to hate somebody† (Terkel 400). Ellis believed that blaming others rather than himself was the best way to get over his frustrations. We are then exploited to the self esteem Ellis had and his state of mind when starting his racist rampage. To begin with, Ellis shows throughout the essay that he is weak minded and has very low self-esteem. Ellis states, â€Å"The majority of ‘em are low income whites, people who really don’t have a part in something. They have been shut out as well as the blacks†¦So the natural person to hate would the black person† (Terkel 401). Ellis started to hate the fact that he was poor and turned to the KKK. He felt the KKK opened opportunities he could achieve because of the stability and members of the group. Parrillo states that â€Å"self-justification† is lead to believe the main cause of prejudice. He states â€Å"a person may avoid social contact with groups deemed inferior and associate only with those identified as being of high status† (Parrillo 387). We can identify the behaviors and personality Ellis displays is relevant to the same behaviors and personality of his father. Throughout the story, Ellis directed his hatred towards blacks just like his father did. Ellis states â€Å"The natural person for me to hate would be black people, because my father before me was a member of the Klan. As far as he was concerned, it was the savior of the white people† (Terkel 400). We can recognize that his racist ways came from his father who told him what to believe. We can identify this as the â€Å"socialization† factor of prejudice. When one is taught something which they live by all their life they begin to play a role just as the one who taught them those ways. Parrillo elaborates, â€Å"We thus learn the prejudices of our parents and others, which then become part of our values and beliefs. Even when based on false stereotypes, prejudices shape our perceptions of various peoples and influence our attitudes and actions toward particular groups† (Parrillo 394). We can make the connection that Ellis’s father was racist he gained his father’s characteristics as well as his beliefs. This also ties in when he begins to blame black people because he was taught they were the cause of the economic problems he was facing. Ellis states â€Å"If we didn’t have niggers in the schools, we wouldn’t have the problems we got today† (Terkel 402). Here he did not truly experience what he believed but he was told this and began to live by it, which was passed down by his father. Over the time, Ellis and his views about the blacks changed altogether. In the end, Ellis has an epiphany once he realized how much in common he really had with blacks. He soon began to realize that black people were just as normal and looking for the same thing in life. He tells us what he realized later in his life â€Å"As long as they kept low-income whites and low-income blacks fightin’, they’re gonna maintain control† (Terkel 403). The revelation is going to change his life. He refers to they as being the politicians and government. He began to have his own mind set and realize that all are alike and should not be treated differently. Some white people had just as low incomes as some black people, which led him to realize that they were all at the same level. There is no explanation as to why Ellis really decided to all of a sudden change his views. We can relate this to Parrillo’s statement, â€Å"Although socialization explains how prejudicial attitudes may be transmitted from one generation to the next, it does not explain their origin or why they intensify or diminish over the years† (Terkel 394). In conclusion, both Parrillo’s essay and Ellis’s story go hand in hand in showing us the real reason why prejudice and racism still exists today. Vincent Parrillo exemplifies valid points and key notions on why cause a person to be prejudice and racist. C.P Ellis provides an insightful eye and truly gives us hope that maybe people will change their views over the years. Both showed us that prejudice is a prime factor in this society and this is because everyone was born and raised differently. Everyone has their own beliefs and ideas. Value, attitudes, beliefs and culture all are targets of prejudice. Regardless of anything, we will never be able to change that. People just try to persevere to the stereotyping and criticizing of other races and their own. Parrillo, Vincent N. â€Å"‘Causes of Prejudice.† Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 384-398. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 398-408. 1. Do you have a sufficient number of quoted passages from theoretical essay you have chosen and have you commented sufficiently on each? List the page numbers of the passages below. 2. Do you have a sufficient number of quoted passages from personal essay you have chosen and have you commented sufficiently on each? List the page numbers of the passages below. 3. Explain the order in which you chose to make your points via the passages you quoted. 4. Name three writing errors you are likely to make in your prose and check the rough draft for these. Use the OWL website if necessary to look for examples of how to address these problems. List the likely errors below. Alternating long and short sentences. 5. Read your final draft of the essay aloud so that you do not allow your eyes you’re your brain to self-correct the errors in your essay. List the kinds of errors you found below. Black People and Prejudice. (2016, Dec 23).

The Architecture of Race and Identity in the United States Essay

The Architecture of Race and Identity in the United States - Essay Example The American dream is an impressive ideology that has lured people to America and moved them around within it. It is that idea that has encouraged millions of immigrants to strive in horrible conditions against impossible odds for centuries. Most Americans celebrate it unthinkingly, along with apple pie and motherhood; criticism is usually limited to imperfections in its application. But like apple pie and motherhood, the American dream turns out to be less than perfect upon closer examination. President Clinton has captured the bundle of shared tenets about achieving success that make up the ideology of the American dream. Those tenets answer the questions: Who may pursue the American dream In what does the pursuit consist How does one successfully pursue the dream Why is the pursuit worthy of our deepest commitment Although describing each tenet in detail is beyond the scope of this essay, we have to look at the flaws intrinsic to this dream, to gain better understanding of its val idity and applicability in contemporary America. The first persuasion, which is that everyone can participate equally and can always start over, is troubling, as throughout most part of the American history, women of any race and men who were Native American, Asian, black, or just poor, were barred from all but a narrow range of elective positions. White men, especially European immigrants, able to ride the wave of the Industrial Revolution to comfort or prosperity, have always been the most valued members of the American society. Those who do not fit to that description, disappear from the collective self-portrait. The situation is that not only has the ideal of universal participation been denied to most Americans, but also the very fact of its denial is been denied in our national self-image. This state of things determines deep misunderstandings and correspondingly deep political tensions. In this essay, we will focus primarily on the first tenet. There is a huge population of Asian and Jewish immigrants who have carved a niche for themselves although there are a million others who have not succeeded. Media is laced with numerous success stories, but no one writes about those, who haven't used their golden chance, who live on welfare or charity. It would be tenable to imply that there are some qualities a person has to possess in order to become successful in the USA. Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" is reffered to as a classical work in sociology and political science. For modern Americans his observations that the president with, his almost royal prerogatives, will have a great need of virtue, are almost prophetic. Nowadays we see what is going on in Iraq, we observe the disenfranchising of voters in the USA, and, of course, we remember the "Patriot Act", which in effect repeals the Fourth Amendment. Thus we can conclude that Tocqueville was rightfully worried about the unlimited power of the majority, and its consequences. Many of his observations are as timeless and applicable as they were in his day. He stated : "Americans of all ages, all stations of life, and all types of disposition are forever forming associations...In democratic countries knowledge of how to combine is the mother of all other forms of knowledge; on its progress depends that of all the

Personal Care Services by the Home Health Aide Essay

Personal Care Services by the Home Health Aide - Essay Example Steps and guidelines for common personal care. The client in need of home healthcare may require assistance in personal care. The home health aide should have skills such as bed bath, tab bathing and shower bathing. They should be conversant with the guidelines for transferring the client or lifting the client when they want to change position. Personal care skills will also include lifting the patient from the floor. The personal care skills are necessary because the client may not be able to move independently. Their mobility can be limited because they suffered from a stroke that may have caused brain damage, body weakness or caused them to have unusual posture. Correct steps in personal care eases positioning and transfer as well as, maintains comfort for the client. The steps and guidelines in personal care assist in fostering safety when moving the client. The client and the home health aide reduce the chances of injury when conducting personal care as Birchenall (2012, p. 33) mentions. A bed bath is refreshing, allows skin inspection and allows change of beddings. A bed bath begins with ensuring privacy, informing the client of the intention of bath and maintaining a good conversation. The home health aide should prepare for bath by ensuring the room temperature is warm, close door, window and curtains for confidentiality. Collect all the equipment and materials to include: big pan or bowl, two firm chairs, soap and soap dish, bathing cloth, towels, newspaper for protection of chair from becoming wet and preferred cloths. The two chairs can be placed next to the bed, and then one chair is covered with the newspapers. The soap, dish and big pan are placed on the covered chair. The other chair is for placing the beddings. Light covers can be left to make the bed have warmth. The client can be requested to cooperate or assist in removing cloths, from top to bottom. The top can be cleaned, dried out and covered with cloths before moving to the bottom. The body parts t hat are paralyzed should be the last when removing cloths. The bottom cloths should be slipped slowly from waist to knee to the feet, one side first and then the other side if the person is unable to lift weight. Only the areas being cleaned should not be covered. The water in the bowl should be half full and tested with elbow for appropriate temperature. The soap should be kept in the dish and wash cloth used as required (Birchenall and Streight, 2003, p. 66). To wash the client’s face, the neck and bellow should be covered. Dampen cloth and squeeze all water and hold all the

The play King Henry IV Essay Example for Free

The play King Henry IV Essay The play King Henry IV revolves around a central plotline spanning a vast period of time encompassing numerous significant events. All of these events, however small, play a key role in the development of the characters as well as the themes within the play. The idea that in coming to power King Henry IV seized the crown, overruling the divine right of kings, is central to the constant theme of corruption and fear which runs throughout the plot. One of the main themes present is the journey from adolescence to maturity. Prince Hal is clearly a wayward character, seemingly dangerously close to losing his right to rule. It would appear that his association with characters such as Falstaff and Poins have nothing but negative implications. This is a key example of an escape from the past into a new future. Hal is attempting to break away from the grasp of Falstaff and his tarnished past into a future of glory, maturity and strong leadership. The idea that in fact past events can have a positive effect is then developed. In a conversation with the King, Warwick states that the Prince but studies his companions like a strange tongue, wherein, to gain the language. This implies that through his knowledge of characters such as Falstaff, and past experience, Prince Hal is in fact gaining a skill that will eventually lead to successful leadership. This past life clearly has an influence on Hal, as it truly demonstrates to him the danger of straying far from the path that one would expect him to take. It seems fair therefore to assume that without this seemingly negative section of his upbringing perhaps he would not later have become a responsible ruler. King Henry IV himself is also running from a past that haunts him and keeps him awake through the night uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. This unrest is partially down to worry concerning Prince Hal, but is also related to the way in which Henry himself seized power. Henrys trouble stems from his own uneasy conscience and his uncertainty about the legitimacy of his rule. Previously he had illegally usurped the throne from Richard II, therefore breaching the divine right of kings, a power bestowed upon the monarch from God. This past troubles him greatly and suppresses his ability to become a great leader. The influence of the past on Henry IV is clearly great; there is no escape from it other than impending death. Therefore one can assume that throughout the play he is simply running from past events rather than focusing on the future, in this case the future of his country. This is therefore an example of how in King Henry IV Part II the past overshadows the present and the future. The role of Northumberland as a leader of rebellion forces is also influenced by decisions made in the past. In the battle of Shrewsbury he decides not to send his military forces, which ultimately leads to the demise of his son, Harry Hotspur. Therefore later in the play when the rebellion forces call upon him once again his refusal to send troops to aid his son introduces an element of guilt as to whether to send reinforcements for the second battle. On one side it seems that due to his initial failure, sending troops would be the only way to regain honour, yet on the other hand it would seem horrific that he would not send troops to save his own son yet would be prepared to do so at this point. Therefore it would seem fair to argue that Northumberlands past decisions overshadow his situation at the present time, showing how that in the play the past has an influence over the present. Falstaff seems to be the only character who can, to a degree, escape the confines of his past. This is mainly due to his nature, and his ability to escape from situations relying on his wit. Throughout his relationship with Doll Tearsheet it would appear that Falstaff had made many false promises, such as marriage and his word to repay his monetary debt to her. However, unlike King Henry he is not haunted by the worry of these events, he instead continues forward allowing them to take their own path, only dodging out of their way when cornered with no chance of escape. He is well aware of his illnesses, yet would rather brush them aside and live his life day by day, he turns disease into commodity and flirts with Doll through a desire which has long outlived performance. In this sense one could argue that in Falstaffs case he lives for the present and the future rather than allowing his past to overshadow his current situation. Therefore, in conclusion it seems that to large degree the argument that the past predominately overshadows the future is valid. In the case of many of the main characters previous decisions and ways of life have a profound impact on the way in which they behave in present situations. The past is clearly a powerful entity and one which plays a key role in defining the plot and decisions made throughout the play, in many cases overshadowing the present and destroying the future.

The Athenian and American Systems of Government :: essays research papers fc

Athens of ancient Greece had perhaps the most advanced system of government of the ancient world. The system of Athens was called a Democracy. That is, every citizen voted on everything. People have claimed that the United States is also a Democracy. This is not true. The government of the United States is a Constitutional Republic (Every). United States citizens vote for representatives, who then vote on the laws. They themselves are limited by a constitution. Democracy is a flawed government system. The Constitutional Republic is also flawed, however, it is better at safeguarding individual rights, when applied correctly. Therefore, a Constitutional Republic is a better system than a Democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens was one of the largest Greek city states. (Stockton, 4). It was about one thousand square miles (Stockton, 4). Athens was founded in the 8th century BC (Muller). It was at first ruled by the college of archons. (Muller). After a term of one year, the archons became members of the Council of Elders (Muller). The people had a voice in the popular assembly, the Ekklesia (Muller). However, it did not have real power until 600 BC. By then, it was an established institution of Athens (Muller). It became the central policy making body in the 5th century. There were two main governmental bodies, the Assembly and the Council. (Acropolis). The Assembly was responsible for policy making. (Acropolis) The Council was responsible for administration and implementing the Assembly’s policies. Not everyone could participate in Athenian politics. Slaves, resident aliens, and women were excluded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main architect of Athenian law was Solon. It is unknown when Solon was born. He died in 559 BC. (Plutarch). Solon allowed everyone to participate in court (Stockton 19). He created a code of laws based on justice, balance, and good order (Muller). Solon abolished the practice of debt bondage (Muller). Solon created the Council of 400 (Boule), and a court called the Heliaia. (Muller) Solon divided Athenians into classes in accordance with their income (Plutarch). The lowest class, the thetes, was ineligible for election to office (Plutarch). However, they could still come into the assembly and act as jurors (Plutarch). The other classes, from lowest to highest, were zeugits, hippies, and pentakosiomedimnoi (Muller).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solon’s laws were obscure and ambiguous (Plutarch). The court, therefore, and wide powers of interpretation. This gave a significant amount of power even to the thetes. Before a matter could be submitted to the public for vote, it had to be approved by the Council of 400 (Plutarch).

Employee Engagement Essay

Designed to ensure that the employees maintain their royalty towards the organization, and commits towards the objectives of the enterprise to ascertain the success of the company and at the same time works towards achieving a sense of well being, employee engagement is all about creation of the conditions in which employee ensure to deliver the best of their capability and potential. The behavior that are focused through employee engagement: Inspire employees to higher levels of effort: Only the engaged organizations will have the strong and genuine values along with clear proof of trust and fairness which is completely based on the mutual respect and two way promises and commitments. This ensures fulfillment of the objectives. The first is the ‘participation’ that instills the traditional HR values including the communication between the staff and the managers across departments in the organization. This includes the training, identification, feedback on the performance, career planning and developing own skill sets. Energize employees to achieve exceptional results: The leaders of the organization must express that they value their employees. Employee related activities like the profit sharing and implementing a work life balance helps in energizing the employees that helps them perform to the optimal levels. De-motivated employees fail to perform and fulfill the objectives of the company. Create an atmosp here of continual improvement: Progress is dependent on various factors and of them, the work atmosphere is one of the most important. If it is not conducive to the work process, the employee will fail to deliver optimal results. Get employees to stretch for goals that go beyond what they originally thought possible: It is important that employees are constantly motivated and only with that will they be able to go beyond what was originally thought to be achievable. The meaning of employee engagement: The first person to define the term is William Kahn who told that engagement involves harnessing of the employee to designated work roles in the company. Other than this, there was a definition by Schimdt who resolved employee engagement as the involvement, commitment and satisfaction with the designated work. There is no proper definition to the term. Employee engagement and manager behavior Depending on the employee and the organization, there are differences in the attitude, behavior and outcomes. This also affects the overall outcome. Even if the employee feels proud and loyal, it is very important to maintain a dynamic role in the enterprise. According to this, the accidents are lowered and there are lesser conflicts, higher productivity and reduced sickness. Engagement occurs in two ways, organizations must work to engage with the employee, who also in turn reinforces the other. With this, the employee feels satisfied leading to higher organizational commitment, job satisfaction and feelings of empowerment. In spite of all this, there is a debate about the precise meaning of the employee engagement but what is understood, is that it is achievable, measurable, correlated with performance, and it varies from poor to great. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/human-resource-management-homework-help

Public Health System Essay

Health policy and entire health care system in both the USA and Great Britain create a core for national quality standards. Dealing with health as a key condition for local and global human activity representatives of medical spheres in these two countries on opposite sides of the ocean have long-term experience which differs greatly in terms of functional, financial, and social issues. Financing. In the UK financing of the industry is done out of taxation paid by people on regular basis. 130 billion of dollars annually are spent to cover expenditures of healthcare system: paying out salaries for physicians, facilitating hospitals, providing latest medical technology and treatment (Hadikin, 2003). British health policy does not require from patients to pay on the scene since it has already been done automatically by their tax procedure. Sometimes those having problems with eyes or teeth will have to pay very small amounts to cover the cost for particular tests. However, such co-payments are not common in the UK and are covered by government for special society layers including aged and young people, special patients with chronic diseases, etc. The state pays directly to doctors and cover fees for a wide range of hospital services (Hawkes, 2007). In the USA payments for healthcare are done through private insurance system. Many believe that British system is more convenient since patients receive â€Å"free at the point of service† medical treatment. American healthcare sector is employee-employer based (54%) with partial governmental funding (46%) for the poor, the disabled, Native Americans, and elderly adults. Average American spends annually approximately $6,400 for healthcare where $2,880 is covered by government, $2,675 by private insurance, and more than $800 paid directly to doctors or other additional services. Unlike the US with population equal to more than 302 million people, the UK with its 61 million of citizens spends $2,720 each year to be confident in high-quality medical treatment. Described in detail, $2,370 are covered by British government received through national taxation and other $350 go directly from patients for extra services required (Sultz & Young, 2008). Challenges. Over years health policy in Great Britain has been facing significant obstacles in its strive for providing high-quality national medical service. First of all, due to the fact that all costs having to do with healthcare are covered through taxation without going directly to doctors on daily basis physicians tend to be less efficient. On the other hand being confident in that medical system is paid for by the government people with light complaints which can be easily treated at home with help of drugs purchased in the nearest drugstore immediately make an appointment unreasonably disturbing physicians who may have very urgent problems to take care of. Also, being structurally located under the government health policy in the UK must follow the rules set from above. That’s why if the government representatives decide that specific drug is cost-ineffective they may choose not to cover such medications. It is especially true for drugs against cancer which have always been extremely expensive with only several month effect and certain plastic surgeries which are considered to be addition features of healthcare and may never be crucial to health (Hawkes, 2007). Sadly enough, Great Britain tends to keep young people and those less than eighty years old in focus. The thing is that significant number of people in their eighties tend to be seriously ill whereas average life expectancy in Britain reaches 79. Unlike the US, where doctors do their best to save people no matter how old they are, English government refers to limited financing and number of able-bodied people who have the potential but need treatment. Unfortunately, anti-cancer treatment costs a lot and in majority of cases prolongs life of an aged person for couple of months only. In the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence is authorized to decide whether specific drug in particular case is worth to be covered and normally they conclude that it is not. One more problem encountered by health policy in Britain again has to do with money issue. Governments have specific amount of money to spend annually on a person who has health problems. However, costs for drugs and medical treatment are constantly escalating and quality of service, therefore, is gradually dropping making this proportion more and more blurred (Hawkes, 2007). The biggest challenge for American citizen regarding health policy is a necessity to pay bills for all services they receive including various tests, prescriptions, visits to physicians, etc. Regardless of the fact that this tradition has a long-term history it has caused enormous inequity between the rich and the poor. Having created two healthcare bodies called Medicare and Medicaid which handle financial issues of old and poor people accordingly, they are far from being perfect. Firstly, people with membership in one of these institutions should go through never-ending bureaucratic procedures that require time and effort valuable for both aged people and low-income society representatives. Secondly, having received long-awaited registration they are provided only with basic services and typically have almost no choice while selecting doctors and hospitals (Barr & Dowding, 2008). In terms of care organization any insurance-based system including American one provides care upon request. For instance, when a person gets heart attack s/he is transported to the hospital, receives necessary medical treatment, and post-traumatic prescription. In Great Britain similar procedures are planned in advance. Thus, British doctors should calculate how many beds for what kinds of patients should be provided, how much vaccine should be purchased to immunize specific number of people and so on. Both American and British health policies have one thing in common having to do with technical issues of the system. Speaking about response times, neither of these states has a set regulation regarding standard response time applicable to all locations under any conditions. There exist certain agreed rules between providers of emergency service and official authorities that instruct required response times. Significant number of these regulations, however, have to do with private emergency service providers who cover only small portions of society. Both Americans and British have concluded that every location throughout these two countries should be provided with 8-minute medical help. (Davis, 2005) Irrelevant of the absence of set rules regarding response times cardiac arrests are considered to be the most urgent and demanding emergency calls in entire emergency service system. Majority of people who experience cardiac arrest should be provided with proper treatment including electric shock with ALS intervention within the first minutes. Figures show, that the sooner the ambulance arrives the more chances it has to save the patient from permanent brain death and irreversible processes which start occurring in human body shortly after the cardiac arrest. It happens on very rare occasions that the person survives receiving help within more than ten minutes. (Davis, 2005) Taking apart from cardiac arrest, response times for normal emergency calls that have to do with physical injuries or wide range of attacks vary from 12 to 14 minutes. Specifically, Wales show the worst result ever obtained in Great Britain in terms of response time and emergency service. According to recent statistics average Welsh emergency service provider arrives not earlier than 20 minutes after the emergency call. British authorities claim that it is totally unthinkable to demonstrate such low performance and that this part should be immediately improved. (Brindley, 2008) In conclusion it would be appropriately to note that both health policies have their advantages and drawbacks as basically any other system. The following table highlights key features of American and British healthcare sectors: Health policy in the UK Health policy in the USA Advantages Drawbacks Advantages Drawbacks Every member of society is provided with medical care Random cases of poor quality service due taxation payments as opposed to direct ones Better consumer choice provided due higher cost for medical services Only insured ones get the best service and treatment Because of sufficient NHS funds treatment and drugs cost less Some misuse medical treatment due to longing for communication and company (especially old people) Active implementation of latest technological equipment and scientific innovations in medical sphere Many retired people choose to work since it’s the only way to receive medical insurance Patients receive decent treatment regardless of their age, social status, or level of income Many claim they do not receive the right to choose a hospital or a doctor they like Patients visit hospital only in cases when it is really necessary, reasonable, or urgent Prices for medical treatment and drugs are higher because of debates and policy on governmental levels References Barr, J., & Dowding, L. (2008). Leadership in Health Care. London: SAGE Ltd. Breen, N., Woods, J., Bury, G., Murphy A. & Brazier, H. (1999).   A national census of ambulance response times to emergency calls in Ireland. Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine, 17, 392-395. doi:10.1136/emj.17.6.392 Brindley, M. (2008). Ambulance Response Times Worst In UK. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from WalesOnline Health News Web site: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/health-news/2008/06/20/ambulance-response-times-worst-in-uk-91466-21109781/ Davis, R. (2005). The Price Of Just A Few Seconds Lost: People Die. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from USA Today Web site: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/ems-day2-cover.htm Hadikin, R. (2003). Effective Coaching in Healthcare. London: Books for Midwives. Hawkes, N. (2007). NHS’s Advantages And Shortcomings. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from Frontline Web site: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/interviews/hawkes.html Sultz, H., & Young, K. (2008). Health Care USA: Understanding Its Organization and Delivery. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essays

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essays Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essay Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Activity A Question 1 Primarily, performance management is executed in a repetitive process. This process is normally employed by organizations with a view of helping them accomplish the set goals as stipulated by the organization’s statement. This is achieved by raising the performance of the entire organization, a particular team, or an individual. This is considered an effective means of achieving the set objectives. Performance management is a fundamental part of an organizations full approach on managing its staff and activities. As a section of the system of performance management, the process of performance management is designed at achieving a number of objectives. This may include enabling each of the staff members to have an idea of what is expected from them in terms of both output and the appropriate style of behavior (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 65). Another purpose of the performance management involves ensuring that the business objective has been accomplished and increasing the employees’ strength. It also works to allow the organization to examine the staff’s capability and plan for the staff’s succession. Accomplishing the objectives of any business should be considered an essential aspect of any organizations survival. If the business objectives are to be accomplished, it is necessary for the upper management to take the initiative rather than communicating to the staff. After the staff has been informed of the objectives, there should be need to measure, appraise, action planning and monitoring. Nevertheless, the process of performance management incorporates the objectives of the organization from the beginning to the end. With a view of increasing the employee’s strength, it first has to be measured (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 97). This strength is normally increased by reward and motivation. Motivation can be achieved through developing reward strategies and challenging work procedures. Usually, the design of the performance management process is fostered to assist employees in learning essential skills and information expected to bring constant growth to the company . Question 2 An efficient performance management system needs to exhibit the following components. These include setting up objectives that stipulate a clarified view of what the job expects. Another component requires an adequate means of determining performance of the organization. This should be set to establish whether the organization is operating according to its set standards or not. The system should also be able to identify the organization’s strengths. This component should be able identify improvement areas, thus seeking joint agreement on the proper action plans. From this point, the system can be used to advice on the necessary steps needed to improve performance (Ohemeng, 84). Finally, the system should have a component based on job training. This is based on development activities such as coaching and rewards for exemplary performances. Question 3 Motivation revolves around what people are made to think, behave or act in a certain way. The relationship between motivation and performance management is not complicated to understand. For instance, it is correct to state that highly motivated employees will offer better performance. Therefore, greater motivation leads to a sense of better performance. The theories that follow below offer both insight and advice on how people make working choices based on available rewards, individual preferences, and perceived outcomes of their work. The reinforcement theory is centered on the law of effect by E.L Thorndike and gives a description of how behavior and consequences relate. This theory shifts its focus on the modification of an employee’s behavior while working through appropriate employment of certain techniques (Rantapuska, 157). The other theory is referred to as the goal setting theory that was introduced by Edwin Locke in the 60s. This theory suggests that goal oriented intentions are major sources pf motivation. In essence, goals direct employees on what they need to do and the amount of effort they should input. Primarily, the theory states the level of performance rises as the goals become more difficult. Question 4 One factor to be taken into consideration when managing performance includes the level of skill. In this case, there is need to train managers with the necessary skill thus making them able to manage employees. The other factor involves relevance. In this case, it is necessary to analyze employees whose output does not affect the overall performance of the organization. Once identified, they have to be laid off. The third factor rests with identifying what component to evaluate (Ohemeng, 105). This involves proper identification of the components that relate to the organization’s performance and fine-tuning the identified component. The fourth factor the organization’s rules and regulations. This factor stipulates how staff and activities within the organization are to be conducted to promote maximum performance. Activity B Question 1 The major purpose of rewarding employees in an organization involves retaining, motivating employees, and reducing turnover. It is common fact that human resource is the most fundamental asset in an organization. Therefore, it is fundamental to make sure that this asset is working at optimum efficiency. In this case, human resource is a unique one with characteristic emotions. The output of this resource is subject to emotions. When an employee feels appreciated, he or she is consequently motivated to perform better (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 72). On the other hand, other employees are bound to feel challenged should they witness they colleague being rewarded. Ultimately, their working performance will improve. Question 2 One component of a total rewarding system is that it should be non-financial. In this case, the entire reward system includes numerous tools at the management’s exhaust. These tools can be used for the attraction, motivation, and retention of employees. From the point of view of an employee, rewards are a representation of what he or she sees of value from the employment relationship. The concept of reward covers both non-financial and financial pay. The components of a total reward system include – Compensation. This component plays a critical role in the system and this includes the basic pay system (monthly or annual salary rate) and incentive or variable pay systems (Seaman, 45). Benefits are the other component and are used to supplement money compensation received by the employees. Benefits are often designed to safeguard the employee and his or her family from financial risks. Examples of such benefits are life insurance, social insurance, medical insurance, savings scheme, company car, clean-up time, vacations, breaks and gym membership just to name a few. The third component of the total reward system stands with work life. In this component, the following aspects of rewarding are included: health and wellbeing, workplace flexibility, financial support, caring for dependents, community involvement, and culture change intervention. Performance plays a major role at achieving organization objectives. Ultimately, this involves aligning the individual, team, and organizational efforts aimed at achieving the business goals as well as the organizational success. This kind of recognition acknowledges and pays attention to the efforts, action, performance, or behavior of an employee. However, it is good to note that this kind of recognition can be non-financial or financial (e.g.certificates, tickets, verbal recognition, dinners, est.) Development and career opportunity is another component of the total reward system. This component includes learning opportunities such as seminars, tuition, seminars, corporate universities, and conference attendance (Seaman, 78). It may as well include coaching and mentoring roles such as leadership training, exposure to experts and association memberships. Question 3 Gathering information regarding performance from a number of sources ultimately raises objectivity and makes sure that all factors influencing performance are taken into consideration. This sort of information is supposed to include objective data such as call records, sales reports, and deadline reports. Other sources of valuable information may be sourced from feedback from others, personal observation results, documenting on going dialogue, keeping records of any environmental or external factors that can influence the performance. As well, much review can also include the self-evaluation of an employee. Other documents that can assist in the definition of performance objectives include objectives from the organization’s departments, past performance appraisals, and documented standards stipulating career goals. With a view of gathering feedback from the organization’s employees, the management should tend to employ the 360 degrees process of feedback. Along with completing the self-assessment, selected peers, managers, and subordinates are required to post feedback concerning pre-identified areas (Wigley, 71). This feedback should be based upon specific and identified competencies and skills (Tjosvold, Dean, and Mary, 89). Consequently, the final results are compared with the self-assessment resulted posted by the employees. In this case, this kind of feedback raises self-awareness. In other cases, this feedback is used for supporting the process of performance evaluation. Activity C Office Move Salma Al-Rayaan has made exceptional strides since her appointment as the Office Manager. It is therefore crucial that an assessment of her role be made in order to determine her future performance in the organization. The office move was handled efficiently, bringing about a smooth transition in the working of the people. Despite a few hiccups along the way, Salma’s role was pivotal as she kept the management abreast of all information pertaining to the move in a timely manner. Receptionists Despite her educational achievements, Salma still struggles to deal with the coordination of the receptionist team. The flow of information in this department is still wanting and an urgent intervention is required in order to streamline the workings of the team. It would be my recommendation that Salma gets more involved with the team and ensures that, with experience, she will make further strides into handling the receptionists. HR Work Salma’s achievements in this area are noteworthy, with the highlights of her prowess including a more efficient expense-checking system that reduces the time and possible errors of the process. Her computerization of the process is also noteworthy, as it has also reduced the amount of physical paperwork that is needed for recording of information in the department. This is commendable and her enthusiasm in the process should be extended to her other areas of expertise in order to increase the efficiency of the entire organization. PA Work Salma’s willingness to extend a helping hand is perfect to a fault. She has been noted as being always available when help is needed, and she will work diligently to achieve what is required of her. However, she seems to struggle with prioritizing the necessity of her actions. This becomes limiting as urgent workloads are always accomplished at the last minute. This increases the possibility for errors as the work is not done with the sufficiency that is demanded of the workforce. Therefore, the main recommendation would be that Salma should learn to prioritize her urgent affairs in order to ensure that her determination to help others does not limit the efficiency of her overall output. Despite the limitations that have been noted, Salma is a good fit for the company and she should excel if she makes a note of the recommendations that are outlined above. The meeting for the assessment should be in line with the areas noted above, with each noted and dealt with individually. Her objectives for the next calendar year are to make improvements to the areas that are noted to be lacking as well as her roles in more areas of the organization. Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van. â€Å"Organizational Commitment, Public Service Motivation, and Performance Within the Public Sector.† Public Performance Management Review. 31.2 (2007): 241-274. Print. Burman, Ryan. The Role of Performance Appraisal in Strategic Human Resources Management. 2009. Print. Ochurub, Michael, Mark Bussin, and Xenia Goosen. â€Å"Organizational Readiness for Introducing a Performance Management System: Original Research.† Sa Journal of Human Resource Management. 10.1 (2012): 1-11. Print. Ohemeng, Frank L. K. â€Å"Institutionalizing the Performance Management System in Public Organizations.† Public Performance Management Review. 34.4 (2011): 467-488. Print. Rantapuska, Torsti. Motivation Structure of End-User Application Developers in Organizational Learning. Tampere, Finland: University of Tampere, Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences, 2002. Print. Seaman, Brendan. A Critical Analysis of Factors That Influence Employee Work Performance. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2010. Print. Tjosvold, Dean, and Mary M. Tjosvold. Psychology for Leaders: Using Motivation, Conflict, and Power to Manage More Effectively. New York: J. Wiley, 2005. Print. Wigley, D. â€Å"Performance Review, Motivation and Organizational Culture.† Health Services Management. 85.6 (2009): 252-5. Print